Gramática+Lección+Preliminar


 * Apuntes de Gramática **
 * Lección Preliminar **
 * I. Definite and Indefinite articles **
 *  **__Indefinite article:__** in Spanish, and indefinite article corresponds to the English words **//a//**//, **an**// and **//some.//** There are four indefinite article forms in Spanish:

**//un //** (masculine-singular) **//un//** libro (a book) **//el //** (masculine-singular) **//el//** libro (the book)
 * //una //** (feminine-singular) **//una//** puerta (a door)
 * //unos //** (masculine-plural) **//unos//** perros (some dogs)
 * //unas //** (feminine-plural) **//unas//** mesas (some tables)
 *  **__Definite article:__** in Spanish, a definite article corresponds to the English word **//the//** and agrees in gender and number with the noun it modifies. There are four definite article forms in Spanish:
 * //la//** (feminine-singular) **//la//** puerta (the door)
 * //los//** (masculine-plural) **//los//** perros (the dogs)
 * //las//** (feminine-plural) **//las//** mesas (the tables)

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
 * II. Subject Pronouns and the verb “Ser”**
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> Subject Pronouns are used to talk to and about other people. In Spanish, the subject pronouns are:
 * Yo** (I) **Nosotros/as** (we)
 * Tú** (you-informal)
 * Usted** (you-formal) **Ustedes** (you-plural)
 * Él** (he)
 * Ella** (she) **Ellos/as** (they)

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · The verb **SER** means “TO BE” · **Ser** is used to: <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">* Describe physical characteristics
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> The subject pronoun **it** in English is never expressed in Spanish
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> **Yo** is not capitalized unless it comes at the beginning of a sentence.
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> **Tú** and **usted** both mean you. **Tú** is the familiar form of address usually used with children, family, and friends.**Usted** is used to show respect or to indicate a more formal relationship with the person addressed. **Usted** is used to address teachers and elderly people, as well as adults you don’t know well.
 * Describe personality traits
 * Tell where someone is from
 * Identify someone or something
 * Tell the time, date, and day
 * Talk about professions

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · **Ser** is an irregular verb like “to be” <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">yo **soy** I am tú **eres** you are (fam.) usted you are (form.) él **es** he is ella she is <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">nosotros **somos** we are (masc.) nosotras **somos** we are (fem.) ustedes you all are ellos **son** they are (masc.) ellas they are (fem.)

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · Subject pronouns are dropped when the subject is clear from the context. Eg. “Soy Pablo” or when the English subject is “it”. Eg. “La escuela es grande”

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · In order to ask where someone is from, Spanish uses **¿de dónde…?** And a form of **ser.** **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">¿ De dónde es usted? **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;"> //Where are you from?// <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · In order to say where someone is from, Spanish uses
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">III. ¿De dónde…? And Ser de… **

**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">Ser + de + place ** <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">Soy de San Francisco //I am from San Francisco// ¿María? Es de México //María? She is from Mexico// <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · The names of countries in Spanish, as in English, are always capitalized. · Sometimes the definite article is used with certain countries, although the tendency is to not use it. You should, however, recognize it if you hear or see it used with these countries: <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"> <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">la Argentina el Paraguay el Brasil el Perú el Ecuador el Uruguay los Estados Unidos

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">The definite article is always used with El Salvador, because it is part of the c ountry’s name, and with la República Dominicana.
 * IV. Los adjetivos**

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · Adjectives are words that describe nouns. <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"> For example: Juan es **delgado** Juan is thin Tú eres **simpática** You are nice Soy **estudioso** I am studious

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · In Spanish, an adjective that describes a masculine noun must also be masculine; one that describes a feminine noun must be feminine.

· In order to make adjectives masculine or feminine, you may have to change the ending.

· Most adjectives in Spanish have a masculine ending **–o** and a feminine <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">ending **–a**

**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">Masculine **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">**-o** estudios**o**
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">Feminine **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;"> **-a** estudios**a**
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> Some adjectives with **–o/-a** endings are:

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">aburrido (a) //boring// alto (a) //tall// antipático (a) //unpleasant// atlético (a) //athletic// bajo (a) //short// bonito (a) //pretty// bueno (a) //good// cómico (a) //funny// delgado (a) //slender, thin// desorganizado (a) //disorganized// feo (a) //ugly// flaco (a) //skinny// generoso (a) //generous// gordo (a) //fat// <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -1.5in;">guapo (a) //good-looking, handsome// <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">mediano (a) //average// <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -1in;">moreno (a) //brunette//, //dark// //(hair,complexion)// <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">organizado (a) //organized// <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -1in;">pelirrojo (a) //red-haired,// <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;">//readheaded// <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">pequeño (a) //small// romántico (a) //romantic// rubio (a) //blond// serio (a) //serious// simpático (a) //nice, pleasant// tímido (a) //timid// tonto (a) //silly, dumb//


 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> Other adjectives have only one ending for both, masculine and feminine nouns. These adjectives end in **–e or in a consonant**. Some of the adjectives that belong to this group are:

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">difícil //difficult// elegante //elegant// exigente //demanding// fuerte //strong// <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">grande //big, large// inteligente //intelligent// interesante //interesting// joven //young// popular //popular//


 * V. El Verbo “Tener”**

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"> <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Yo **tengo** Nosotros/as **tenemos** Tú **tienes** Ustedes Usted Ellos **tienen** Él **tiene** Ellas Ella
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> Tener means “to have”
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> Tener is an irregular verb

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">Tengo dos hermanos //I have two brothers// No tenemos clase hoy //We don’t have class today// Tengo matemáticas a //I have math at 9:00// las nueve.

Yo **tengo** un lápiz **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">Tener + que + infinitive ** <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Tengo que limpiar **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">mi cuarto //I have to clean my room//
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> Tener is used:
 * 1) <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> To talk about things or activities you have:
 * 1) <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> To talk about obligations:
 * Tienes que trabajar** //You have to work//
 * Tenemos que estudiar** //We have to study//


 * 1) <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> In idiomatic expressions: (“tener” idioms)

An idiom is an expression that makes sense in one language but does not make sense when translated word for word into another language. The verb TENER is used in several idiomatic expressions: tener hambre to be hungry tener sed to be thirsty <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">tener calor to be hot tener frío to be cold tener prisa to be in a hurry tener razón to be right tener ganas to feel like tener sueño to feel sleepy


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">VI. Los verbos “Gustar” y “Encantar” **
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Used to express likes and dislikes

**If one thing is liked:** <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">(a mí) **me** gusta (a tí) **te** gusta (a usted) **le** gusta (a él) **le** gusta (a ella) **le** gusta (a nosotros) **nos** gusta (a ustedes) **les** gusta (a ellos) **les** gusta (a ellas) **les** gusta

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">(a mí) **me** gustan (a tí) **te** gustan (a usted) **le** gustan (a él) **le** gustan (a ella) **le** gustan (a nosotros) **nos** gustan (a ustedes) **les** gustan (a ellos) **les** gustan (a ellas) **les** gustan
 * If more than one thing is liked:**

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;">(a mí) **me** encanta <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">(a tí) **te** encanta (a usted) **le** encanta (a él) **le** encanta (a ella) **le** encanta (a nosotros) **nos** encanta (a ustedes) **les** encanta (a ellos) **les** encanta (a ellas) **les** encanta
 * If one thing is really liked:**

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">(a mí) **no me** gusta (a tí) **no te** gusta (a usted) **no le** gusta (a él) **no le** gusta (a ella) **no le** gusta (a nosotros) **no nos** gusta (a ustedes) **no les** gusta (a ellos) **no les** gusta (a ellas) **no les** gustan
 * If one thing is disliked:**

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;">(a mí) **no me** gustan <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">(a tí) **no te** gustan (a usted) **no le** gustan (a él) **no le** gustan (a ella) **no le** gustan (a nosotros) **no nos** gustan (a ustedes) **no les** gustan (a ellos) **no les** gustan (a ellas) **no les** gustan
 * If more than one thing is disliked:**

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">(a mí) **me** encantan (a tí) **te** encantan (a usted) **le** encantan (a él) **le** encantan (a ella) **le** encantan (a nosotros) **nos** encantan (a ustedes) **les** encantan (a ellos) **les** encanta (a ellas) **les** encanta
 * If more than one thing is really liked:**

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · ENCANTAR is NEVER used in the negative · The verb ending for gustar and encantar always agrees with the thing or things that are liked. For this reason, these verbs are used mostly in the third person singular and plural. · A + mí/ tí/usted/él/ella/nosotros/ustedes/ellos/ellas is frequently used to emphasize or clarify who is doing the liking or disliking.

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 0.25in;">**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">A ella **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> no le gustan los caballos //She doesn’t like horses// ¿Le gusta bailar **a usted**? //Do you like to dance?//
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">A mí **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">me encanta el chocolate //I love chocolate//


 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> If what is liked or disliked is expressed by an infinitive, then the third-person singular form of **gustar** and **encantar** is used.

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">¿Te **gusta** correr? //Do you like to run?// <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">No, pero me **encanta** ir de compras. //No, but I love to go// //shopping.//


 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> **Gustaría** and **encantaría** are used to soften a request or to respond to a request. Their English equivalents are //would like// and //would love.//

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;">¿ **Te gustaría** ir conmigo? //Would you like to go with me?// <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 0.25in;">No **me gustaría** ir al parque //I wouldn’t like to go to the park// pero **me encantaría** ir al cine //but I would love to go to// <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">//the movies.//

**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">VII. El Verbo “Ir” ** <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · The verb “Ir” means “to go” · It is an irregular verb: <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Yo **voy** nosotros/nosotras **vamos** Tú **vas** <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;">ustedes <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">ellos **van** Usted ellas Él **va** Ella

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · To talk about what you are going to do, you can use:

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;">**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; text-transform: uppercase;">IR + A + IN ****<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; text-transform: uppercase;">FINITIVE **

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">¿Qué **vas a hacer**? //What are you going to do?// <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · To talk about destination, you can use:
 * Voy a limpiar** la casa //I’m going to clean the house//
 * Van a jugar** fútbol //They’re going to play soccer//

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;">**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; text-transform: uppercase;">IR + A + PLACE **

**Voy a** mi clase de baile //I’m going to my dance lesson// <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">¿**Vamos a la biblioteca** hoy? //Are we going to the library today?//

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · Note that when “**a**” is followed by **el**, the contraction **al** is formed <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;">**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">a + el = al **

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Mi familia va **al** parque //My family goes to the park// los domingos //on Sundays.//

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · **Vamos**, the nosotros form, can also mean //let’s// <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Vamos a **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> alquilar un video //Let’s rent a video//
 * Vamos** al cine //Let’s go to the movies//

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · “Estar” means “to be” · “Estar is used to: <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">►Show/tell the location of people and things. ►Express feelings and temporary conditions. ►Form the present progressive
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">VIII. El Verbo “Estar” **

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · “Estar” is an irregular verb. <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Yo **estoy** nosotros/as **estamos** Tú **estás** <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;">ustedes <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Usted ellos **están** Él **está** ellas Ella

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · **To show location:** <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">(ESTAR is occasionally used with “en” which means “in”, “on”, or “at”). <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Eg: ¿Dónde está Lima? //Where is Lima?// Juan está en la biblioteca //Juan is in the library// El libro está en la mesa //The book is on the table//

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · **To Express feelings and temporary conditions:** <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">You already know that the verb ESTAR is used in greetings: Eg: ¿Cómo está usted? //How are you?// Estoy bien //I’m fine//

It can also be used with adjectives to express feelings and temporary conditions: <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Eg: Estoy aburrido //I’m bored// La computadora está rota //The computer is broken.//

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · **Estar with Adjectives:** <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">**Estar** is also used with adjectives to describe people’s emotional and physical condition: ¿Cómo **estás**? **Estoy** bien

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · Adjectives that can be used with Estar:

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">Aburrido //bored// Bien //good// Cansado //tired// Contento //happy// <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -1.25in;">Emocionado //excited, moved// <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">Furioso //furious// Enfermo //sick// Listo //ready// Nervioso //nervous// Ocupado //busy// <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Preocupado //worried// Tranquilo //calm// Triste //sad//

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · **Estar** is also used to describe tastes or appearances or to tell how something “seems” to the speaker: <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">La comida **está** rica //The food is delicious//
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Estás **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">muy elegante //You look very elegant//

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · Adjectives that can be used with **estar** <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Delicioso //delicious// Rico //delicious (food)// Bueno //good (food)// Sabroso //tasty// Malo //bad (food)// <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Terrible //terrible// Excelente //excellent//

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">*Ser and Estar both mean “to be”
 * IX. Ser vs Estar**
 * Ser and Estar are NOT interchangeable

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; text-transform: uppercase;">1. “Ser” expresses the following: <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;">*Physical descriptions and personality traits. <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">Who you are- name, profession, nationality What you look like <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;">*Origin- where you or something is from- using “de”
 * Identifies people, places and things
 * Time- what time it is, the date, and day of the week

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">2. “Estar” expresses the following: <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;">*Feelings- used in greetings and to express how you feel · **ar verbs** **bailar - - to dance** <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">yo bail **o** nosotros/as bail **amos** tú bail **as** ustedes bail **an** <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">él ellos bail **an** ella bail **a** ellas usted
 * Temporary conditions- things that will change
 * Location of someone or something
 * Present progressive tense (“I am writing”)
 * X. Conjugación de verbos regulares**

· **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">er verbs ** **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">comer – to eat ** <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">yo com **o** nosotros/as com **emos** tú com **es** ustedes com **en** él ellos com **en** ella com **e** ellas usted

· **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">ir verbs ** **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">escribir – to write ** <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">yo escrib **o** nosotros/as escrib **imos** tú escrib **es** ustedes escrib **en** él ellos escrib **en** ella escrib **e** ellas usted · **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">E →IE ** <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Some verbs in Spanish have an irregular stem (the stem is the infinitive minus the –ar, -er or –ir ending). In these verbs, **the FINAL VOWEL of the stem** changes from **e** to **ie** or from **o** to **ue** in all forms except the**nosotros**
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">XI. Los verbos que cambian de raíz **

**e →ie** <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;">**recomendar** //(to recommend)// <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">recom**ie**ndo recomendamos recom**ie**ndas recom**ie**nda recom**ie**ndan <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">recom**ie**nda recom**ie**ndan

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;">Some commonly used **e→ie** stem changing verbs are:

comenzar (//to begin)// empezar //(to begin)// entender //(to understand)// pensar //(to think)// preferir //(to prefer)// querer //(to want)// recomendar //(to recommend//

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 87pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · **O → UE** **o → ue** <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;">**poder** (//to be able, can//) <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">p**ue**do podemos p**ue**des p**ue**de p**ue**den p**ue**de p**ue**den

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;">Some commonly used **o →u** stem changing verbs are:

contar //(to count)// costar //(to cost)// encontrar //(to find)// poder //(to be able, to can)// recordar (//to remember////)//

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 87pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · **U → UE** <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;">**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">u → ue ** <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">jugar **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> //(to play)// <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">j**ue**go jugamos j**uegas** j**ue**ga j**ue**gan j**ue**ga j**ue**gan

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 87pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">E → I ** **pedir servir decir seguir** (to order, to ask for) (to serve) (to say, tell) (to follow, to continue) <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">p**i**do s**i**rvo d**i**go s**i**go p**i**des s**i**rves d**i**ces s**i**gues p**i**de s**i**rve d**i**ce s**i**gue pedimos servimos decimos seguimos p**i**den s**i**rven d**i**cen s**i**guen

· Some frequently used **e →i** stem-changing verbs are:

Conseguir //(to get, obtain)// Decir //(to say, tell)// Pedir //(to ask for, to order)// Repetir //(to repeat)// Seguir //(to continue, follow)// Servir //(to serve)// Vestir //(to dress)//

The affirmative **tú** command form and the present participle also undergo this stem change: **Pide** algo para comer //Order something to eat// <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Estoy **diciendo** la verdad //I’m telling the truth// Está **sirviendo** la cena //They are serving dinner//
 * Sigue** media cuadra //Go another half block//