Gramática+Unidad+Dos

**I. El Pretérito de los verbos –er, -ir ** · Regular –er and –ir verbs have the same preterite endings:
 * Apuntes de Gramática Unidad 2 **

**comer ** yo com**í** nosotros/as com**imos** tú com**iste** ustedes com**ieron** él ella com**ió** ellos/ellas com**ieron** usted

**escribir ** yo escrib**í** nosotros/as escrib**imos** tú escrib**iste** ustedes escrib**ieron** usted él escrib**ió** ellos/ellas escrib**ieron** ella

· Note that the “nosotros” form of –ir verbs is the same in the preterite and in the present tense (-imos). Look for clues in the sentence to help you know whether the verb is in the present or past tense.

Recibimos el premio ayer //We received the prize yesterday//

The word “ayer” tells you that “recibimos” is in the preterite tense.

**II. Los adverbios**

Adverbs answer the questions how, when, and where about the verb.

**When? Ahora, enseguida, pronto, tarde, temprano, antes, después, a veces, nunca, siempre, ayer, hoy, mañana **


 * Where? A la derecha, a la izquierda, al lado, debajo, delante, detrás, enfrente, allí, aquí, cerca, lejos. **

Most adverbs that tell **//how//** an action is done are formed by adding **–mente** to the end of the feminine form of an adjective

Rápida + -mente **rápidamente** Alegre + -mente **alegremente**

**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">III. Los demostrativos ** · Demonstratives tell where objects or people are in relation to the person speaking: <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">**This** book is mine Do you want **that** blouse or **that one over there**?

· Spanish has three sets of demonstratives: one to point out someone or something //near the speaker//, another to point out someone or something //farther away//, and a third one used to refer to someone or something //a considerable distance// from both the speaker and the listener.

<span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 87pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;">**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Demonstratives **

**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Cerca lejos más lejos **


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">m. f. m. f. m. f. **

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">singular **este esta ese esa aquel aquella** plural **estos estas esos esas aquellos aquellas**

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 87pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · Demonstratives may be used as adjectives or as pronouns. As adjectives, they agree in number and gender with the noun they modify and always go before the noun:

**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Esta **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> semana no hay clases //This week there are no classes// ¿Quién es **ese** señor? //Who is that man?//
 * ¡Aquellas** chicas son bonitas! //Those girls (over there) are pretty!//

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 87pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · When demonstratives are used as pronouns, they reflect the number and gender of the noun they replace and require a written accent:

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 84pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 24pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">No me gustan esos pantalones. Prefiero **éstos.** <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 81pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 27pt;">//I don’t like those pants. I prefer these.//

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 87pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · **Esto** and **eso** are used to refer to concepts, ideas, and situations and to things unknown to the speaker. They never require a written accent.

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 84pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 24pt;">**Esto** es imposible //This (situation) is impossible// <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 69pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">¿Qué es **eso**? //What is that?//

**IV. La Hora** The hour, quarter hour, and half hour in Spanish are given as follows:

5:00 **Son las cinco** <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">9:00 **Son las nueve** **__<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Quarter hour: __** <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">9:15 **Son las nueve y cuarto** 6:15 **Son las seis y cuarto**
 * __On the hour:__**

**__<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Half hour: __** <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">12:30 **Son las doce y media** 10:05 **Son las diez y cinco**

The following expressions are used when telling time in Spanish:

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Son las **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(hour) **y** (minutes). <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">3:20 Son las tres y veinte 10:05 Son las diez y cinco
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> Up to the half hour, add minutes to the hour using **y**.

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Son las **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> (next hour) **menos** (minutes). <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">9:50 Son las diez menos diez 4:35 Son las cinco menos veinticinco
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> After the half hour, substract minutes from the __next__ hour using **menos**

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">1:15 Es la una y cuarto 12:40 Es la una menos veinte
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> When talking about 1:00, **es** is used instead of **son**


 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> Noon and midnight are expressed as (el) mediodía and (la) medianoche.

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">9:15 AM Las nueve y cuarto **de la mañana** 4:50 PM Las cinco menos diez **de la tarde** <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; margin-left: 0.5in;">11:00 PM Las once **de la noche.**
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> In Spanish, A.M= **de la mañana,** and P.M= **de la tarde** (from 12:00 noon to dark) and **de la noche** (after dark).
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">When no specific hour is mentioned, the expressions **por la mañana, por la tarde y por la noche** are used.

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">Tengo clases de matemáticas por la mañana**,** de gimnasia por la tarde y de computación por la noche.


 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> Be careful to distinguish between what time it is and at what time something occurs.

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">¿Qué hora es? **
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Son las tres de la tarde **
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">¿A qué hora es la clase? **
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">A las nueve de la mañana **

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">**V. Los Verbos Reflexivos**

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · **What is a reflexive verb?** <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">A reflexive verb is one where the subject and the direct object are the same. You can tell a verb is reflexive because it will have “se” attached to it. acostar**se** – to go to bed <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">bañar**se** – to take a bath (to bathe oneself)

There are more reflexive verbs in Spanish than in English: Elena dresses herself. But: Elena complains **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">Elena se viste Elena se queja **

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · **How do you conjugate a reflexive verb?** All these verbs use a reflexive pronoun very much like the direct and indirect object pronouns. They are as follows: Yo **me** //(myself)// Tú **te** //(yourself)// Él / ella / usted **se** //(himself/herself/itself)// <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;">Nosotros **nos** //(ourselves)// Ellos / ellas / ustedes **se** //(themselves/yourselves)//

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · **These pronouns:** <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">Gloria **se** viste rápidamente //Gloria dresses quickly//
 * 1) <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> go in front of the conjugated verb:

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">Tengo que lavar**me** el pelo ahora //I have to wash my hair now.//
 * 1) <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> after and attached to the infinitive

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">Papá está afeitándo**se** //Dad is shaving//
 * 1) <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> after and attached to the –ndo (accent required)

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">Marta, ¡levánta**te!** //Marta, get up!//
 * 1) <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> after and attached to an affirmative command (watch your accents)

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · **Can these verbs be used without the reflexive pronouns?** <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">These verbs can be used without the reflexive pronouns but the means are changed slightly:

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">Elena washes up.
 * Elena se lava.**

Elena washes the dog.
 * Elena lava el perro**

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">//(in the second example, the action is not done to the subject, so no reflexive pronoun is used.)//

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · **The following is a list of common reflexive verbs:** <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">**Acostarse (ue)** //to go to bed// <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 4in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -3.25in;">**Lavarse** //to wash up, brush(one’s teeth)//
 * Afeitarse** //to shave//
 * Arreglarse** //to get ready//
 * Bañarse** //to bathe//
 * Cepillarse (el pelo,los dientes)** //to brush(one’s hair, teeth)//
 * Despertarse (ie,e)** //to wake up//
 * Divertirse (ie,i)** //to have a good time//
 * Dormirse (ue,u)** //to go to sleep, fall asleep//
 * Irse** //to go, to leave//
 * Levantarse** //to get up//
 * Peinarse** //to comb one’s hair//
 * Ponerse** //to put on (clothes, makeup)//
 * Quitarse** //to take off (clothes)//
 * Sentarse (ie,e)** //to sit down//
 * Vestirse (i, i)** //to get dressed//

**VI. El Presente Progresivo** <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">I am watching TV We are studying
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> In English the present progressive is formed with the verb “to be” plus the –ing form of another verb:

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">Estoy mir**ando** la tele Estamos estudi**ando**
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> In Spanish, the present progressive is formed with the verb **“estar”** plus the **–ndo** form of another verb.

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">-ar verbs -er & -ir verbs ** drop the ar and add **–ando** drop the er or ir and add **–iendo**
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> Form the present progressive by taking off the ending and adding the new ending to the stem
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">bailar comer escribir **
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">bail com escrib **
 * bailando comiendo escribiendo**

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">Leer creer huir oír Le cre hu o <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">**Leyendo creyendo huyendo oyendo**
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> If the stem of an –er or an –ir verb ends in a vowel, **-iendo** changes to **–yendo**

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">¿Qué estás haciendo? //What are you doing?// Estoy leyendo //I am reading//
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> This verb describes an action that is taking place right at the moment.