Gramática+Unidad+Seis

**I. Presente del Subjuntivo con Ojalá **
 * Apuntes de Gramática Unidad Seis **

 · The verb tenses you have been using up until now belong to the **Indicative Mode.** Verb tenses in the indicative mode are used to express what we know or believe to be true or factual. There is another mode, the **Subjunctive Mode**, which consists of verb tenses used to talk about things which are not facts, such as hopes, persuasion, doubt, emotion and the like.

**Present Subjunctive ** **-ar -er -ir ** nad**e** aprend**a** salg**a** nad**es** aprend**as** salg**as** nad**e** aprend**a** salg**a** nad**emos** aprend**amos** salg**amos** nad**en** aprend**an** salg**an**
 * Nadar Aprender Salir **

Ojalá que **nademos** hoy //I hope we swim today// Ojalá que **salgan** temprano //I hope they leave early//

 · Note that the theme vowels of the present subjunctive are the exact opposites of the present indicative:

**Theme Vowels** **Verbs Present Indicative Present Subjunctive** -ar **-a -e** -er, -ir **-e -a**

Present Subjunctive:


 * -ar: -e, -es, -e, -emos, -en**
 * -er, -ir: -a, -as, -a, -amos, -an **

 · You may also note that the subjunctive endings are identical to the endings you learned for **Ud/Uds.** and **tú**negative commands**.**

· The present subjunctive makes use of the stem of the **yo** form in the present indicative.

**Yo **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> Present Indicative Present Subjunctive <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">trabaj **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">o **trabaj**e, **trabaj**es, **trabaj**e, **trabaj**emos, **trabaj**en
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">teng **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">o **teng**a, **teng**as, **teng**a, **teng**amos, **teng**an

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> The present subjunctive is always used after the expression **ojalá (que)**, which came to Spanish from the Arabic expression meaning “May Allah grant that.” In modern Spanish it means //I hope (that)…//
 * Ojalá que** no me **pase** otra vez //I hope it doesn’t happen to me again//
 * Ojalá saques** buenas notas //I hope you get good grades//
 * Note** that the use of **que** is optional after **ojalá**

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">- ¿Vamos a perder? //Are we going to lose?// <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">- **Ojalá que no** //I hope not// <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">- ¿Vas a jugar tú? //Are you going to play?// <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">- **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Ojalá que sí **//<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">I hope so //
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> Two useful expressions are **Ojalá que sí** (I hope so) and **Ojalá que no** (I hope not)
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">II. Presente del Subjuntivo: Verbos Irregulares **

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Ojalá que **vayamos** a Italia //I hope we go to Italy// Ojalá que no **sea** mañana //I hope it’s not tomorrow//
 * **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Dar ** || **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Estar ** || **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Ir ** || **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Saber ** || **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Ser ** || **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Ver ** ||
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">Dé || <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">Esté || <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">Vaya || <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">Sepa || <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">Sea || <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">Vea ||
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">Des || <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">Estés || <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">Vayas || <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">Sepas || <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">Seas || <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">Veas ||
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">Dé || <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">Esté || <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">Vaya || <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">Sepa || <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">Sea || <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">Vea ||
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">Demos || <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">Estemos || <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">Vayamos || <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">Sepamos || <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">Seamos || <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">Veamos ||
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">Den || <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">Estén || <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">Vayan || <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">Sepan || <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">Sean || <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">Vean ||


 * III. Presente del Subjuntivo: -ar and –er stem changing verbs**

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · The stem changing **–ar** and **–er** verbs you learned in the present indicative undergo the same pattern of changes in the present subjunctive.

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">**Present Subjunctive:** <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">**Stem-Changing Verbs**

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">**pensar poder**
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">e →ie o→ue **

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">pensemos podamos
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">piense pueda **
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">pienses puedas **
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">piense pueda **
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">piensen puedan **

**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">IV. Presente del Subjuntivo: stem changing –ir verbs **

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · The **e → i** stem changing **–ir** verbs you learned in the present indicative undergo the same change in the present subjunctive, but in all persons.

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">**Present Subjunctive:** <span style="line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">**Stem-Changing –ir verbs** <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Pedir Seguir ** <span style="line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">E → i E→ i ** <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Pida siga **
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Pidas sigas **
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Pida siga **
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Pidamos sigamos **
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Pidan sigan **

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · The **e → ie** and **o→ue** stem changing **–ir** verbs you learned in the present indicative undergo the following changes in the present subjunctive: **e → ie, i ; o→ue,u**

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">**Present Subjunctive:** <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">**Stem changing –ir verbs**


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">divertir dormir **
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">e→ ie, I o→ ue, u **

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Es probable que **nos divirtamos** //It’s likely that we’ll have a good time// Es recomendable que **durmamos** //It’s recommended that we sleep//
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">divierta duerma **
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">diviertas duermas **
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">divierta duerma **
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">divirtamos durmamos **
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">diviertan duerman **