Gramática+Unidad+Cinco

**I. Superlatives **
 * Apuntes de Gramática Unidad Cinco **

 · To express exceptionality (corresponds to the English ending “ly”)

· The “ίsimo” (-a, -os, -as) ending may be attached to an adjective to express an extremely high degree of the quality of the adjective.

Los chicos son **guapίsimos** //The guys are really cute// La casa es **feίsima** //The house is extremely ugly//


 *  Superlatives are formed by removing the –o from the masculine singular form of the adjective and adding -ίsimo (-a, -os, -as). Note that the -ίsimo ending always has a written accent.

**Adjective - ****ί****simo form ** Alto alt ίsimo (-a, -os, -as) Bueno buen ίsimo (-a, -os, -as) dif ίcil dificil ίsimo (-a, -os, -as) fácil facilísimo (-a, -os, -as) fuerte fuertísimo (-a, -os, -as) grande grandísimo (-a, -os, -as) malo malísimo (-a, -os, -as)


 *  Some spelling rules may affect these adjectives

**C → qu z→ c g→ gu ** <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Ri**c**o ri**qu**ísimo feli**z** feli**c**ísimo lar**g**o lar**gu**ísimo

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">**II. El Imperativo**

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · **Affirmative Tú Commands (regular verbs)** <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">To tell someone what to do or where to go, we use commands (“mandatos”) In Spanish, affirmative tú commands are formed: For **–ar** verbs – take off the -ar and add **–a** For **–er/-ir** verbs – take off the –er or –ir and add **–e** <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">e.g. Escribe la carta. //Write the letter.// Cruza la calle allí. //Cross the street there//. ¡Corre! //Run!//

(notice that the affirmative tú commands are the same form as the present tense <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">form for usted/él/ella)

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Affirmative tú commands (irregular verbs) **

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">There are eight irregular affirmative **tú** commands. Almost all are derived from the yo form of the present tense.

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"> **Affirmative Irregular tú Commands**

Infinitive Present tense yo form Command <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Decir **di**go **di** Poner **pon**go **pon** Salir **sal**go **sal** Tener **ten**go **ten** Venir **ven**go **ven** Hacer hago **haz** Ir voy **ve** Ser soy **sé**

<span style="line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · **Negative tú commands: regular and irregular** <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">1. The negative commands are formed by adding **–es** to **–ar** verbs and **-as** to **–**er and **-ir** verbs. The command ending is added to the stem of the **yo** form of present tense verbs (the stem is the present tense form minus the **–o** ending.)

**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Infinitive Yo **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Present **Tú** Command Escuchar **escuch**ø **no escuches** Pensar **piens**ø **no pienses** Contar **cuent**ø **no cuentes**

Comer **com**ø **no comas** Hacer **hag**ø **no hagas** Abrir **abr**ø **no abras** Dormir **duerm**ø **no duermas** Pedir **pid**ø **no pidas** Decir **dig**ø **no digas**

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">**No cuentes con él** //Don’t count on him//
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Ejemplos: No escuches **//<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Don’t listen //
 * No hagas eso** //Don’t do that//

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">2. The following verbs have irregular negative **tú** command forms:

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Infinitive Negative tú command ** <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Saber **no sepas** <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Dar **no des** Estar **no estés** Ir **no vayas** Ser **no seas**

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
 * Ejemplos: No** les **des** nada //Don’t give them anything//
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">No **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> **estés** triste //Don’t be sad//
 * No vayas** con ellas //Don’t go with them//
 * No seas** así //Don’t be like that//

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · **Usted/Ustedes commands**

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">1. The **usted/ustedes** commands are used with people you address as **usted** or **ustedes**. Regular affirmative and negative **usted/ustedes** commands are formed by adding **–e/ -en** to **–ar** verbs and **–a/-an** to **–er** and **–ir**verbs. As with negative tú commands, the command ending is added to the stem of the **yo** form of present tense verbs

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"> **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Usted/Ustedes Commands **

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Infinitive Yo **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Present **Ud.** Command **Uds.** Command

Hablar hablø **hable hablen** Cerrar cierrø **cierre cierren**

Comer comø **coma coman** Tener tengø **tenga tengan** Abrir abrø **abra abran** Salir salgø **salga salgan**

<span style="line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Ejemplos: Hable **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">con la sra. García //Talk to Mrs. García// <span style="line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 87pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Cierre **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">la puerta //Close the door.//
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Tenga **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">cuidado //Be careful//
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Salgan **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"> temprano //Leave early//

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">2. The following verbs have irregular **usted/ustedes** command forms: <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"> <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Dar **dé den** Estar **esté estén** Ir **vaya vayan** Ser **sea sean** Saber **sepa sepan**
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Infinitive Usted Ustedes **

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · **Verbs ending in –car, -zar and –gar have a spelling change in the command form.** <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"> <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">buscar→ busque pagar→ pague empezar→ empiece


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">III. Pronoun Placement with Commands **

In Spanish, the placement of pronouns depends on whether a command is affirmative or negative.

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · In affirmative commands, you attach object pronouns to the end of the verb <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"> Lléve**nos** al supermercado. //Take us to the supermarket// Póngan**las** en la mesa //Put them on the table//

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · In negative commands, you place object pronouns before the verb and after **no.** <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"> <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">No **le** venda esta camisa //Don’t sell her this shirt// No **lo** prueben //Don’t taste it//

**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">IV. __Palabras definidas e indefinidas__ **

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"> **Algo** //something// **nada** //nothing, not anything//
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> Indefinite words are words that do not refer to anything or anyone specific. Some indefinite words have contrasting negative forms.
 * Affirmative Forms Negative forms**
 * Alguien** //somebody// **nadie** //nobody, not anybody//
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Algún/alguno(a) **//<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">some //**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">ningún/ninguno(a) **//<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">none, not any //
 * o…o** //either…or// **ni…ni** //neither…nor//
 * Siempre** //always// **nunca** //never//
 * A veces** //sometimes// **raras veces** //seldom//
 * También** //also// **tampoco** //neither, either//
 * ¿**Van a comer **algo**? //Are you going to eat something?//
 * Siempre** bebo agua //I always drink water//
 * Nunca** compro dulces //I never buy sweets//


 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> In negative sentences, a negative word must always precede the verb. When the NO precedes the verb, any other negative word follows it.

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">**No** hay **nadie en el parque** //There’s nobody in the park//
 * No** vamos a comprar **nada** //We’re not going to buy anything//
 * Nadie** canta como ellos //Nobody sings like them//
 * Nunca** vamos a jugar //We’re never going to play//


 * V. Double Object Pronouns**

In Spanish, **direct object pronouns** and **indirect object pronouns** appear before the conjugated verb. How do you place both in the same sentence?

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"> <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">La camarera nos trajo el pollo a Juan y a mí La camarera **nos lo** trajo. //The waitress brought the chicken to Juan and me The waitress brought it to us//
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> In sentences with both object pronouns, the indirect object pronoun comes first.


 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> When a conjugated verb appears with an infinitive or a verb in the –ndo form, you can put the pronouns before the conjugated verb, or you can attach them to the infinitive or –ndo form.

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Me los **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">vas a pedir or Vas a pedír**melos**
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Me los **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">está pidiendo or Está pidiéndo**melos**

When you attach pronouns, you need to ad dan accent to the stressed vowel.

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"> <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Le pedí la cuenta al camarero **le** becomes **se** **Se la**pedí //I asked the waiter for the bill I asked him for it//
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> If both pronouns start with the letter **l**, change the Indirect Object Pronoun to **se**

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">¿Les puedes llevar el té a esas señoras? **Les** becomes **se** ¿Puedes llevár**selo?** //Can you take the tea to those women? Can you take it to them?//