Gramática+Unidad+Cuatro

**I. Past Participles **
 * Apuntes de gramática Unidad Cuatro **

Adjectives that can be formed from verbs are called **past participles.** To form most past participles, drop the infinitive ending and add **–ado** for –ar verbs or **–ido** for -er and –ir verbs. They should agree in gender and number with the nouns they describe.


 * cerrar **La oficina está **cerrada** //The office is closed//
 * perder **Estamos **perdidos** //We’re lost//
 * vestir **Ella está bien vestida //She is well dressed//

If the verb is reflexive, drop the “se” from the infinitive
 * peinarse peinado**


 * II. El Imperfecto: verbos regulares **


 *  In the imperfect tense, **-ar** verbs tale **–aba** endings and **–er /-ir** verbs take **–ía** endings.

**Imperfect Tense **

**-ar verbs -er and –ir verbs ** Bail**ar** corr**er** sal**ir** Bail**aba** corr**ía** sal**ía** Bail**abas** corr**ías** sal**ías** Bail**aba** corr**ía** sal**ía** Bail**ábamos** corr**íamos** sal**íamos** Bail**aban** corr**ían** sal**ían**


 *  The **nosotros** form of **–ar** verbs and all forms of **–er** and **–ir** verbs require written accents.

**Bailábamos mucho** //We used to dance a lot// **Corrían** todos los días //They ran every day//
 * Salía** a las cinco todos los días //I would leave at 5:00 every day//


 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-left: 3em; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> The imperfect tense may be translated as “//used to,” “would,”// or just the simple past tense in English.

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">III. El Imperfecto: verbos irregulares ** <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · There are just three irregular verbs in the imperfect: <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 0.25in;">**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Ser Ver Ir ** **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Yo era veía iba ** <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">**Éramos** muy jóvenes //We were very Young// La **veía** frecuentemente //I used to see her often//
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Tú eras veías ibas **
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Él/ella/Ud era veía iba **
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Nosotros/as éramos veíamos íbamos **
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Ellos/ellas/uds eran veían iban **
 * Iban** a llamarnos //They were going to call us//


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">IV. Usos del imperfecto: acciones habituales, tiempo, edad **

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">It is often used with expressions such as **“todos los días,” “generalmente,” “siempre,” “muchas veces,”** etc.
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-left: 3em; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> The Imperfect is used to describe **habitual or customary actions**.

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;">De niño, **jugaba** fútbol //As a kid, I used to play soccer// todos los sábados //every Saturday// Siempre **íbamos** al parque //We always used to go to the park// Cuando **llovía**, **veíamos** //When it rained, we would// películas //watch movies.//

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">**Era** mediodía y hacía //It was noon and it was very hot// mucho calor los niños tenían sueño //the children were sleepy//
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-left: 3em; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> The imperfect is used to **tell time in the past**:
 * Eran** las once de la noche y //It was 11:00 at night and//

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Sara **tenía** siete años en 1997 //Sarah was seven in 1997// Todavía era fuerte cuando //He was still strong when//
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-left: 3em; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> The imperfect is used to express **age in the past**:
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">tenía **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> setenta años //he was seventy//

Those seen as continuing or in progress are expressed in the imperfect.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">V. Usos del imperfecto: acciones contínuas **
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-left: 3em; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> Past actions may be viewed as either completed or continuing.


 * Hablaban** mientras **caminaban** //They were talking while they were walking//
 * Hacía** su tarea a esa hora //He was doing his homework at that hour//

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">this case the continuing action is expressed in the imperfect and the interrupting action is in the preterite: Ella **llamó** mientras **comíamos** //She called while we were eating//
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-left: 3em; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> Sometimes a continuing action is interrupted by another action. In
 * Jugaba** muy bien cuando //He was playing very well when he//
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">chocó **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">con un defensor //run into a guard//


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">VI. Usos del imperfecto: descripciones **

and physical, emotional or mental states. Generally, possession and physical location are considered ongoing situations and the imperfect is used.
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-left: 3em; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> Imperfect tense is also used when describing an ongoing situation,

<span style="line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">**Tenía** muchos amigos //I had a lot of friends// <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">**Había** muchos libros //There were a lot of books// en el pupitre //on the desk// <span style="line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">La jaula **estaba** en el jardín //The cage was in the garden//
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-left: 3em; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> **Ongoing situations:**

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Tenía **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">dolor de cabeza //I had a headache.// Este invierno yo no **me sentía** bien //This Winter I//didn’t feel well Yo lo **amaba**, pero él ya no me **quería**//I loved him, but he no longer loved me//
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-left: 3em; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> **Physical, emotional or mental states:**
 * Estaba** muy nerviosa //I /she was very nervous//
 * Estábamos** aburridos //We were bored//

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">other imperfect or preterite actions. It describes what was happening before other actions began: <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">que no **confiaba** en nadie. //lady who didn’t trust anybody. One day// Un día **decidió** poner todo //she decided to put all her money in…// <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">su dinero en…
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-left: 3em; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> The imperfect is frequently used to provide the background for
 * Había** una vez una viejita //Once upon a time there was a little old//


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">VII. Usos del pretérito: acciones completas y comienzo o final de acciones. **

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">completed whole. Words which specify a limited time period are frequently associated with the preterite. <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Some typical words are **ayer, el lunes, el fin de semana pasado, un día, una vez.**
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-left: 3em; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> The preterite is used to express past actions viewed as a

Ayer **cenamos** temprano //Yesterday we ate supper early// durante las vacaciones: //we swam, visited our grandparents,// abuelos y **fuimos** a acampar.
 * Leí** el libro antes de la clase //I read the book before class//
 * Hicimos** muchas cosas //We did a lot of things during vacation://
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">nadamos, visitamos **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> a los //and went camping.//

**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">VIII. Narrando en el pasado: imperfecto y pretérito ** <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">and preterite in the same paragraph. The uses you have been studying determine which one should be used.
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-left: 3em; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> When talking about the past, it is common to use both the imperfect

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">**The imperfect is used to describe The preterite is used to**
 * past actions that are… describe past actions that are...**

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">1. Viewed as continuous or in progress 1. Viewed as completed <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">2. Habitual 2. Focused on the beginning or <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 4in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">end of the actions.

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">IX. Cambios de ortografía en el pretérito (spelling changes in the preterite) ** <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 87pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · **What are the spelling changes for –ar verbs?** The following rules affect the **yo** form of the preterite in certain verbs to preserve the consonant sound of their infinitive ending: **-car**, **-gar**, and **–zar**

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">bus**car**: bus**qu**é, buscaste, buscó,… to**car**: to**qu**é, tocaste, tocó, …
 * 1) <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> **c** changes to **qu** before **e** or **i**

__Other verbs of this type are:__ calificar, comunicar, criticar, chocar, dedicar, explicar, practicar, sacar <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">2. **g** changes to **gu** before **e** or **i** <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">pa**gar**: pa**gu**é, pagaste, pagó, … ju**gar**: ju**gu**é, jugaste, jugó, …

__Other verbs of this type are:__ entregar, llegar, obligar, pegar

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">empe**zar**: empe**c**é, empezaste, … comen**zar**: comen**c**é, comenzaste, …
 * 1) <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> **z** changes to **c** before **e** or **i**

__Other verbs of this type are:__ almorzar, cruzar, especializar, utilizar

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 87pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · **What are the spelling changes for –er and –ir verbs?** An unaccented **i** between two vowels changes to **y** (three vowel rule) Note that this rule affects the **él/ella/usted** and the **ellos/ellas/ustedes** forms as well as the **–ndo** form of the verb. **__oír__** **(to hear) __creer__ (to believe) leer (to read) huir (to escape)** <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">oí creí leí huí oíste creíste leíste huíste oyó creyó leyó huyó oímos creímos leímos huímos oyeron creyeron leyeron huyeron

oyendo creyendo leyendo huyendo