Gramática+Unidad+Uno

**I. Los Posesivos **  · Possessive adjectives are used to indicate that something belongs to someone or to establish a relationship between people or things.
 * Apuntes de Gramática Unidad Uno **

· The possessive adjectives in Spanish are: **Singular Plural Singular Plural ** //my// **mi** **mis** **nuestro(a)** **nuestros(as)** //our// //your //**tu** **tus** **su** **sus** //your// //his// //her // **su** **sus** **su** **sus** //their// //its//
 * su** **sus**

Ustedes ya conocen a **su** familia //You already know his family//
 *  Possessive adjectives are placed before the noun they modify
 * Nuestra** casa es grande //Our house is big//

Ella trabaja con **sus** padres //She works with her parents// Juan estudia con **tus** hijos //John studies with your children// Ellos salen con **su** hijo //They go out with their son//
 *  Spanish possessive adjectives agree with what is possessed and not with the possessor. Like other adjectives, possessive adjectives agree in number and gender with the noun they modify.

**Su **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">libro está en la mesa //His book is on the table// El libro **de David** está en la mesa //David’s book is on the table// Los hijos de ella son simpáticos <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">La boda **de ellos** es el sábado
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> Another way of expressing possession in the third person in Spanish is with the preposition **de.**
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Sus **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">hijos son simpáticos //Her children are nice//
 * Su** boda es el sábado //Their wedding is on Saturday//

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">II. Pronombres de Complemento Directo (DOP’s) **

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Direct Objects answer the questions What? / ¿Qué? or Who(m)? / Quién(es) after the verb

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">We eat **enchiladas.** We eat what? ... enchiladas = Direct Object Comemos **enchiladas.** ¿Qué comemos? ... enchiladas = objecto directo

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Direct object pronouns replace the direct object to avoid repetition of the noun(s).

**__<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Singular __****<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> __Plural__ **
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Spanish – English Spanish – English **
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">me **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> me **nos** us
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">te **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> you (familiar)
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">lo **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> you (masculine formal) **los** you (masculine)
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">la **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> you (feminine formal) **las** you (feminine)
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">lo **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> him, it(masculine) **los** them (masculine)
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">la **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> her, it (feminine) **las** them (feminine)

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;">¿**__Me__** quieres? Do you love me? <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Sí, **__te__** quiero. Yes, I love you.
 * 1) <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Direct Object Pronouns are placed before conjugated verbs: **

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;">**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">either – a) placed before the conjugated verb (IR) **
 * 1) <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">With the future construction Ir + a + infinitive, the direct object pronouns are: **
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">or b) placed after and attached to the infinitive **

**__<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">La __**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> voy a hacer ahora. //<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">I’m going to do it now //<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">. Voy a hacer**__la__** ahora.

**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">either - a) placed before the conjugated verb (ESTAR) ** *a written accent is always required when a pronoun is attached to <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">the –ndo verb form (on the ‘a’ in –ar verbs and on the ‘e’ in –er and –ir verbs)*****
 * 1) <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">With the Present Progressive ESTAR + -ndo, the direct object pronouns are: **
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">or b) placed after and attached to the –ndo verb form **

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">**__Nos__** están mirando. //They’re looking at us.// Están mir**__á__**ndo**__nos__**. Estoy haci**__é__**ndo**__la__** ahora. //<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">I am doing it now. //

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Di**me** //Tell me// Píde**las** //Order them//
 * 1) <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">With commands, the DOP’s are attached to the affirmative command form: **

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · **What are indirect object nouns or pronouns?**
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">III. Pronombres de Complemento Indirecto (IOP’s) **

Indirect object nouns and pronouns answer the questions TO WHOM? or FOR WHOM? something is done. In English “to” and “for” are often omitted <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · **What are indirect object pronouns used for?**

Indirect object pronouns (pronombres de complemento indirecto) are used to identify people without using or repeating their names

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · **What are the indirect object pronouns in Spanish?**

a mí **me** (to/for me) a ti **te** (to/for you) a él, a ella, a usted **le** (to/for him, her, you) a nosotros **nos** (to/for us) a ellos, a ellas, a ustedes **les** (to/for them, you all)

· **How do you let the reader or listener clearly know whom you are talking about?** Indirect Object Pronouns can be clarified or emphasized by using <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">“**a** + (name or pronoun)”

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">¿Les escribes **__a Mónica__** y **__a Alicia__** con frequencia? //Do you write to Monica and Alicia frequently?//

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · **Where are indirect object pronouns placed in a sentence?** Usually the indirect object pronoun comes before the conjugated verb: ¿**Te** traigo un café? //Can I bring you a coffee?// <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · **Where else can indirect object pronouns go?** * They can also go after and attached to an infinitive: <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Voy a traer**te** el periódico. //I’m going to bring you the newspaper.//

* They can also go after and attached to a present participle –ndo. ( if it is attached to the –ndo a written accent is required): Estoy escribi**__é__**ndo**le** una carta. //I am writing him a letter.// <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · **Where do indirect object pronouns go when using an affirmative command?**

* With an affirmative command, the indirect object pronoun is **ALWAYS** placed after and attached to the command form (a written accent is required for command forms with two or more syllables): ¡Escr**__í__**be**__me__** pronto! //Write me soon!// Da**me** el libro. //Give me the book.//

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · **Where do indirect object pronouns go when using a negative command?** *With a negative command, the object pronoun is placed BEFORE the command but after the NO:

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">No **me** digas eso. //Don’t tell me that!//

**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">IV. Las Palabras Interrogativas **

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">¿Quién (es)? **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> //Who?// **¿Cuánto(a)?** //How much?//
 * ¿Qué?** //What?// **¿Cuántos(as)?** //How many?//
 * ¿Cuál(es)?** //Which? What?// **¿Cuándo?** //When?//
 * ¿Cómo?** //How? What?//
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">¿Dónde? **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> //Where?// **¿Por qué?** //Why?//

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · All question words have written accents.

· While most question words have only one form, **quién** and **cuál** have two: singular and plural <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">¿Quién es tu actor favorito? //Who’s your favourite actor?// ¿Quiénes son esas chicas? //Who are those girls?// ¿Cuál es tu clase favorita? //Which is your favourite class?// <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">¿Cuáles son tus clases favoritas? //What are your favourite classes?//

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">¿**Cuánto** helado quieres? //How much icecream do you want?// ¿**Cuánta** tarea tienes? //How much homework do you have?// ¿**Cuántos** estudiantes hay? //How many students are// there? ¿**Cuántas** horas estudias? //How many hours do you study//?
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> When **cuánto** modifies a noun, it must agree in number and gender with that noun. It has four forms: **cuánto, cuánta, cuántos, cuántas.**

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">¿**Cuánto** es? //How much is it?// ¿**Cuánto** cuesta? //How much does it cost?//
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> When **cuánto** does not modify a noun, it has only one form

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"> <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">¿Qué es un mariachi? //What is a mariachi?// ¿Qué estás haciendo? //What are you doing?//
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> **Qué** and **cuál** correspond to the English word //what//. They are not always interchangeable:
 * Qué** asks for a definition or an explanation:

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">¿Cuál es la capital de Perú? //What is the capital of Peru?// ¿Cuál es tu primo? //Which (one) is your cousin?//
 * Cuál** asks for a selection:

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"> <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;">catorce años! //<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">years old! //
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> **¿Cómo?** is used by itself to indicate disbelief or that the listener didn’t hear what was said and wants it repeated. English usually uses //What?// in these instances.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">¿Cómo? **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">¡Pero sólo tiene //What?// //But he’s only fourteen//

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · The preterite tense in Spanish tells what happened at a particular moment in the past.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">V. El Pretérito de los verbos regulares (-ar verbs) **

· How do you form the preterite of –ar verbs?: <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">Add these endings to the verb stem:

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 0.25in;">**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Visitar **

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">yo visit**é** nosotros/as visit**amos** tú visit**aste** usted ustedes él visit**ó** ellos visit**aron** ella ellas

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · The “nosotros” ending in the preterite tense is the same as in the present tense. Look for clues in the sentence to help you determine whether the verb is in the present or past tense

Acampamos anoche en el parque //We camped last night in the park//

The word “anoche” tells you that the verb “acampamos” is in the preterite tense, not the present.


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">VI. El Pretérito de los verbos irregulares **


 * **Ir** || **Hacer** || **Ser** || **Dar** || **Ver** ||
 * Fui || Hice || Fui || Di || Vi ||
 * Fuiste || Hiciste || Fuiste || Diste || Viste ||
 * Fue || Hizo || Fue || Dio || Vio ||
 * Fuimos || Hicimos || Fuimos || Dimos || Vimos ||
 * Fueron || Hicieron || Fueron || Dieron || Vieron ||

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 87pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · Note that unlike regular verbs, irregular verbs in the preterite do not have written accents: Yo no fui al cine //I didn’t go to the movies// Vi tres películas //I watched three movies// <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">Fue Elena al parque? //Did Elena go to the park?//

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 87pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · The preterite forms of the verb Ser are identical to the preterite forms of the verb Ir. The context will help you decide which verb is being used: <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 87.1pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">Él fue presidente por ocho años //He was president for eight years// No fue a la fiesta //He didn’t go to the party//